Browse the Constitution Annotated

Fourteenth Amendment 

• Section 1

  All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

  • Amdt14.S1.1 Citizenship Rights
    • Amdt14.S1.1.1 Citizenship Clause
      • Amdt14.S1.1.1.1  Citizenship Clause: Historical Background
      • Amdt14.S1.1.1.2  Citizenship Clause: Doctrine and Practice
      • Amdt14.S1.1.1.3 Citizenship Clause: Select Topic for Consideration
        • Amdt14.S1.1.1.3.1  Loss of Citizenship
  • Amdt14.S1.2 Privileges or Immunities of Citizens
    • Amdt14.S1.2.1 Privileges or Immunities Clause
      • Amdt14.S1.2.1.1 Privileges or Immunities Clause: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.2.1.1.1  Slaughter-House
        • Amdt14.S1.2.1.1.2  Privileges or Immunities Clause: Current Doctrine
  • Amdt14.S1.3 Due Process and the States
    • Amdt14.S1.3.1 Due Process Clause and Incorporation
      • Amdt14.S1.3.1.1 Due Process Clause and Incorporation: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.3.1.1.1  Due Process Clause and Incorporation: Overview of Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.3.1.1.2  Due Process Clause and Incorporation: Early Doctrine
  • Amdt14.S1.4 Equal Protection Rights
    • Amdt14.S1.4.1 Race-Based Classifications
      • Amdt14.S1.4.1.1  Race-Based Classifications: Overview
      • Amdt14.S1.4.1.2  Race-Based Classifications: Historical Background
      • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3 Doctrine and Practice: Race-Based Classifications
        • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1 Current Doctrine: Race-Based Classifications
          • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.1  Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Disadvantage Racial Minorities and Whites
          • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2 Laws that Segregate Based on Race
            • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.1 Racial Segregation and Education
              • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.1.1  Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
              • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.1.2  Aftermath of Brown in Education
              • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.1.3  Racial Segregation and Education: Remedies
            • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.2  Segregation in Other Contexts
          • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3 Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Racial Minorities
            • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny
              • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1  Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine
              • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2  Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine
          • Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.4  Facially Neutral Laws Implicating a Racial Minority
      • Amdt14.S1.4.1.4 Race-Based Classifications: Select Topics for Consideration
        • Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.1  Political Process Doctrine
        • Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.2  Peremptory Challenges
    • Amdt14.S1.4.2 Non-Race Based Classifications
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.1  Non-Race Based Classifications: Overview
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.2 Other Suspect Classifications: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.4.2.2.1  Alienage Classification
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3 Quasi-Suspect Classifications: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1 Gender Classifications
          • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1 Gender Classifications: Early Doctrine
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.1  Gender Classifications: Doctrine from 1870s to 1960s
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.2  Gender Classifications: Doctrine during 1970s
          • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2 Gender Classifications: Current Doctrine
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.1  Gender Classifications: General Approach
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.2  Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Women
        • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.2  Classification Against Persons Born out of Wedlock
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4 Non-Suspect Classifications: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1 Non-Suspect Classifications: Current Doctrine
          • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1 Economic Regulations
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.1  Economic Regulations: General Approach
            • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.2  Economic Regulations: Taxing Power
          • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.2  Sexual Orientation
          • Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.3  Wealth
    • Amdt14.S1.4.3 Equal Protection Fundamental Rights
      • Amdt14.S1.4.3.1  Equal Protection: Overview
      • Amdt14.S1.4.3.2 Equal Protection Fundamental Rights: Doctrine and Practice
        • Amdt14.S1.4.3.2.1  Interstate Travel
      • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3 Voting Rights
        • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.1  Voting Rights: Overview
        • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.2 Voting Rights: Doctrine and Practice
          • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.2.1  Facial Denials or Restrictions of the Right to Vote
        • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3 Dillution of the Right to Vote
          • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: Current Doctrine
            • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1  Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach
            • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2  Partisan Gerrymandering
            • Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3  Inequalities Within a State
      • Amdt14.S1.4.3.4 Voting Rights: Select Topics for Consideration
        • Amdt14.S1.4.3.4.1 Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights
          • Amdt14.S1.4.3.4.1.1  Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights: Doctrine and Practice