Browse the Constitution Annotated

Fourteenth Amendment 

• Section 1

  All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
  • Amdt14.S1.1  The Fourteenth Amendment and States' Rights
  • Amdt14.S1.2  Citizens of the United States
  • Amdt14.S1.3  Privileges or Immunities
  • Amdt14.S1.4 Due Process of Law
    • Amdt14.S1.4.1  Generally
    • Amdt14.S1.4.2 Definitions
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.1   Person
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.2   Property and Police Power
      • Amdt14.S1.4.2.3   Liberty
    • Amdt14.S1.4.3  The Rise and Fall of Economic Substantive Due Process: Overview
    • Amdt14.S1.4.4 Regulation of Labor Conditions
      • Amdt14.S1.4.4.1  Liberty of Contract
      • Amdt14.S1.4.4.2  Laws Regulating Working Conditions and Wages
      • Amdt14.S1.4.4.3  Workers’ Compensation Laws
      • Amdt14.S1.4.4.4  Collective Bargaining
    • Amdt14.S1.4.5  Regulation of Business Enterprises: Price Controls
    • Amdt14.S1.4.6 Regulation of Public Utilities and Common Carriers
      • Amdt14.S1.4.6.1  In General
      • Amdt14.S1.4.6.2  Compulsory Expenditures: Grade Crossings, and the Like
      • Amdt14.S1.4.6.3  Compellable Services
      • Amdt14.S1.4.6.4  Imposition of Statutory Liabilities and Penalties Upon Common Carriers
    • Amdt14.S1.4.7 Regulation of Businesses, Corporations, Professions, and Trades
      • Amdt14.S1.4.7.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.4.7.2  Laws Prohibiting Trusts, Restraint of Trade or Fraud
      • Amdt14.S1.4.7.3  Banking, Wage Assignments, and Garnishment
      • Amdt14.S1.4.7.4  Insurance
      • Amdt14.S1.4.7.5  Miscellaneous Businesses and Professions
    • Amdt14.S1.4.8 Protection of State Resources
      • Amdt14.S1.4.8.1  Oil and Gas
      • Amdt14.S1.4.8.2  Protection of Property and Agricultural Crops
      • Amdt14.S1.4.8.3  Water, Fish, and Game
    • Amdt14.S1.4.9 Ownership of Real Property: Rights and Limitations
      • Amdt14.S1.4.9.1  Zoning and Similar Actions
      • Amdt14.S1.4.9.2  Estates, Succession, Abandoned Property
    • Amdt14.S1.4.10 Health, Safety, and Morals
      • Amdt14.S1.4.10.1  Health
      • Amdt14.S1.4.10.2  Safety
      • Amdt14.S1.4.10.3  Morality
    • Amdt14.S1.4.11  Vested and Remedial Rights
    • Amdt14.S1.4.12  State Control over Local Units of Government
    • Amdt14.S1.4.13 Taxing Power
      • Amdt14.S1.4.13.1  Generally
    • Amdt14.S1.4.14 Jurisdiction to Tax
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.2  Real Property
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.3  Tangible Personalty
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.4  Intangible Personalty
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.5  Transfer (Inheritance, Estate, Gift) Taxes
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.6  Corporate Privilege Taxes
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.7  Individual Income Taxes
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.8  Corporate Income Taxes: Foreign Corporations
      • Amdt14.S1.4.14.9  Insurance Company Taxes
    • Amdt14.S1.4.15 Procedure in Taxation
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.2  Notice and Hearing in Relation to Taxes
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.3  Notice and Hearing in Relation to Assessments
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.4  Collection of Taxes
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.5  Sufficiency and Manner of Giving Notice
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.6  Sufficiency of Remedy
      • Amdt14.S1.4.15.7  Laches
    • Amdt14.S1.4.16  Eminent Domain
    • Amdt14.S1.4.17  Fundamental Rights (Noneconomic Substantive Due Process)
  • Amdt14.S1.5 Procedural Due Process: Civil
    • Amdt14.S1.5.1  Generally
    • Amdt14.S1.5.2 The Procedure that Is Due Process
      • Amdt14.S1.5.2.1  The Interests Protected: Life, Liberty and Property
      • Amdt14.S1.5.2.2  The Property Interest
      • Amdt14.S1.5.2.3  The Liberty Interest
      • Amdt14.S1.5.2.4  Proceedings in Which Procedural Due Process Need Not Be Observed
      • Amdt14.S1.5.2.5  What Process is Due
    • Amdt14.S1.5.3 Jurisdiction
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.2  In Personam Proceedings Against Individuals
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.3  Suing Out-of-State (Foreign) Corporations
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.4  Actions in Rem: Proceeding Against Property
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.5   Quasi in Rem: Attachment Proceedings
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.6  Actions in Rem: Estates, Trusts, Corporations
      • Amdt14.S1.5.3.7  Notice: Service of Process
    • Amdt14.S1.5.4 Power of the States to Regulate Procedure
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.2  Commencement of Actions
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.3  Defenses
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.4  Costs, Damages, and Penalties
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.5  Statutes of Limitation
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.6  Burden of Proof and Presumptions
      • Amdt14.S1.5.4.7  Trials and Appeals
  • Amdt14.S1.6 Procedural Due Process – Criminal
    • Amdt14.S1.6.1  Generally: The Principle of Fundamental Fairness
    • Amdt14.S1.6.2 The Elements of Due Process
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.1  Initiation of the Prosecution
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.2  Clarity in Criminal Statutes: The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.3  Entrapment
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.4  Criminal Identification Process
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.5  Fair Trial
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.6  Prosecutorial Misconduct
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.7  Proof, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.8  The Problem of the Incompetent or Insane Defendant
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.9  Guilty Pleas
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.10  Sentencing
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.11  Corrective Process: Appeals and Other Remedies
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.12  Rights of Prisoners
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.13  Probation and Parole
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.14  The Problem of the Juvenile Offender
      • Amdt14.S1.6.2.15  The Problem of Civil Commitment
  • Amdt14.S1.7 Equal Protection of the Laws
    • Amdt14.S1.7.1 Scope and Application
      • Amdt14.S1.7.1.1  State Action
      • Amdt14.S1.7.1.2   Person
      • Amdt14.S1.7.1.3   Within Its Jurisdiction
    • Amdt14.S1.7.2  Equal Protection: Judging Classifications by Law
    • Amdt14.S1.7.3  Testing Facially Neutral Classifications Which Impact on Minorities
  • Amdt14.S1.8 Traditional Equal Protection: Economic Regulation and Related Exercises of the Police Power
    • Amdt14.S1.8.1  Taxation
    • Amdt14.S1.8.2 Police Power Regulation
      • Amdt14.S1.8.2.1  Classification
    • Amdt14.S1.8.3 Other Business and Employment Relations
      • Amdt14.S1.8.3.1  Labor Relations
      • Amdt14.S1.8.3.2  Monopolies and Unfair Trade Practices
      • Amdt14.S1.8.3.3  Administrative Discretion
      • Amdt14.S1.8.3.4  Social Welfare
      • Amdt14.S1.8.3.5  Punishment of Crime
  • Amdt14.S1.9 Equal Protection and Race
    • Amdt14.S1.9.1  Overview
    • Amdt14.S1.9.2 Education
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.1  Development and Application of Separate But Equal
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.2  Brown v. Board of Education
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.3  Brown’s Aftermath
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.4  Implementation of School Desegregation
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.5  Northern Schools: Inter- and Intradistrict Desegregation
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.6  Efforts to Curb Busing and Other Desegregation Remedies
      • Amdt14.S1.9.2.7  Termination of Court Supervision
    • Amdt14.S1.9.3  Juries
    • Amdt14.S1.9.4  Capital Punishment
    • Amdt14.S1.9.5  Housing
    • Amdt14.S1.9.6 Other Areas of Discrimination
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.1  Transportation
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.2  Public Facilities
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.3  Marriage
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.4  Judicial System
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.5  Public Designation
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.6  Public Accommodations
      • Amdt14.S1.9.6.7  Elections
    • Amdt14.S1.9.7   Affirmative Action: Remedial Use of Racial Classifications
  • Amdt14.S1.10 The New Equal Protection
    • Amdt14.S1.10.1 Classifications Meriting Close Scrutiny
      • Amdt14.S1.10.1.1  Alienage and Nationality
      • Amdt14.S1.10.1.2  Sex
    • Amdt14.S1.10.2  Whether a Person Was Born out of Wedlock
    • Amdt14.S1.10.3  Fundamental Interests: The Political Process
    • Amdt14.S1.10.4  The Right to Travel
    • Amdt14.S1.10.5  Marriage and Familial Relations
    • Amdt14.S1.10.6  Sexual Orientation
    • Amdt14.S1.10.7 Poverty and Fundamental Interests: The Intersection of Due Process and Equal Protection
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.1  Generally
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.2  Criminal Procedure
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.3  The Criminal Sentence
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.4  Voting and Ballot Access
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.5  Access to Courts
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.6  Educational Opportunity
      • Amdt14.S1.10.7.7  Abortion