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ArtI.S8.C1.1 Taxing Power
Taxing Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare . . .
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ArtI.S8.C1.2 Spending Power
Spending Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare . . .
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ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview
Dormant Commerce Power: Overview Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . .
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ArtI.S9.C6.1 Prohibition on Port Preferences
Prohibition on Port Preferences Article I, Section 9, Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels . . .
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ArtI.S10.C3.1 States and Duty of Tonnage
States and Duty of Tonnage Article I, Section 10, Clause 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement . . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.1 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background
Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. The . . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.2 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. At . . .
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Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background
The Religion Clauses: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
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Amdt1.2.13.1 Freedom of Association: Overview
Freedom of Association: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of . . .
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10. Fifth AmendmentAmdt5.4.4.3.1 What Process is Due when a Deprivation Occurs: Pre-Modern DoctrineWhat Process is Due when a Deprivation Occurs: Pre-Modern Doctrine Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of . . .
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11. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.1 Tenth Amendment: Historical BackgroundTenth Amendment: Historical Background Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or . . .
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12. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.1 Tenth Amendment: Early DoctrineTenth Amendment: Early Doctrine Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the . . .
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13. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.2 Tenth Amendment: Postbellum Case LawTenth Amendment: Postbellum Case Law Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or . . .
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14. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.3 Tenth Amendment: Post-New Deal CourtTenth Amendment: Post-New Deal Court Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or . . .
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15. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.4.1 Tenth Amendment: Commandeering ProhibitionsTenth Amendment: Commandeering Prohibitions Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, . . .
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16. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.4.2 Tenth Amendment: Commerce ClauseTenth Amendment: Commerce Clause Tenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the . . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.1 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Waiver
Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Waiver Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against . . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.2 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Abrogation
Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Abrogation Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted . . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.3 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Officer Suits
Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Officer Suits Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted . . .
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Amdt13.1 Thirteenth Amendment: Historical Background
Thirteenth Amendment: Historical Background On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring, based on his war powers, that within named states and parts of states in . . .
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Amdt14.1 Fourteenth Amendment: Overview
Fourteenth Amendment: Overview Amendment of the Constitution during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period resulted in a fundamental shift in the relationship between the Federal Government and the states. . . .
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Amdt14.2 State Action Doctrine
State Action Doctrine The Fourteenth Amendment, by its terms, limits discrimination only by governmental entities, not by private parties. As the Court has noted, the action inhibited by the first section . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.1 Race-Based Classifications: Overview
Race-Based Classifications: Overview Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.2 Race-Based Classifications: Historical Background
Race-Based Classifications: Historical Background Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.2 Segregation in Other Contexts
Segregation in Other Contexts Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine
Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine
Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.4 Facially Neutral Laws Implicating a Racial Minority
Facially Neutral Laws Implicating a Racial Minority Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.1 Political Process Doctrine
Political Process Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.2 Peremptory Challenges
Peremptory Challenges Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.1 Non-Race Based Classifications: Overview
Non-Race Based Classifications: Overview Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.2.1 Alienage Classification
Alienage Classification Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.1 Gender Classifications: Doctrine from 1870s to 1960s
Gender Classifications: Doctrine from 1870s to 1960s Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.2 Gender Classifications: Doctrine during 1970s
Gender Classifications: Doctrine during 1970s Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.1 Gender Classifications: General Approach
Gender Classifications: General Approach Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.2 Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Women
Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Women Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.1 Economic Regulations: General Approach
Economic Regulations: General Approach Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.2 Economic Regulations: Taxing Power
Economic Regulations: Taxing Power Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.2 Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.3 Wealth
Wealth Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.1 Equal Protection: Overview
Equal Protection: Overview Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach
Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2 Partisan Gerrymandering
Partisan Gerrymandering Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3 Inequalities Within a State
Inequalities Within a State Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.4.1.1 Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights: Doctrine and Practice
Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights: Doctrine and Practice Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens . . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.1 Enforcement Clause: Overview
Enforcement Clause: Overview Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In the aftermath of the Civil War, . . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.1 Who Congress May Regulate
Who Congress May Regulate Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In enforcing by appropriate legislation . . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.2.1 What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Pre-Modern Doctrine
What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Pre-Modern Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of . . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.2.2 What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Modern Doctrine
What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Modern Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this . . .
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Amdt15.S2.1.1.1 Enforcement Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Enforcement Clause: Doctrine and Practice Fifteenth Amendment, Section 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. State Action Like section 1 of the Fourteenth, . . .
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Amdt21.1 Twenty-First Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twenty-First Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twenty-First Amendment: The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. The transportation or importation . . .
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Amdt24.1 Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Historical Background
Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Historical Background Twenty-Fourth Amendment: The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors . . .
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Amdt24.2 Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twenty-Fourth Amendment: The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors . . .
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