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ArtI.S8.C1.1 Taxing Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
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ArtI.S8.C1.2 Spending Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
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ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview
Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . . The grant of power to Co. . .
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ArtI.S9.C6.1 Prohibition on Port Preferences
Article I, Section 9, Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, . . .
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ArtI.S10.C3.1 States and Duty of Tonnage
Article I, Section 10, Clause 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of , keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another Sta. . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.1 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. The primary purpose of this clause, like the clauses . . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.2 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. At least four theories have been proffered regarding . . .
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Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background
First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
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Amdt1.2.13.1 Freedom of Association: Overview
First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
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10. Fifth AmendmentAmdt5.4.4.3.1 What Process is Due when a Deprivation Occurs: Pre-Modern DoctrineFifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forc. . .
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11. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.1 Tenth Amendment: Historical BackgroundTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. The Tenth Amendment . . .
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12. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.1 Tenth Amendment: Early DoctrineTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. In McCulloch v. Mary. . .
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13. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.2 Tenth Amendment: Postbellum Case LawTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Federal Taxing Power. . .
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14. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.3 Tenth Amendment: Post-New Deal CourtTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. In 1941, the came f. . .
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15. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.4.1 Tenth Amendment: Commandeering ProhibitionsTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Later indications we. . .
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16. Tenth AmendmentAmdt10.2.4.2 Tenth Amendment: Commerce ClauseTenth Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. In 1995, the Court i. . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.1 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Waiver
Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of anot. . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.2 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Abrogation
Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of anot. . .
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Amdt11.1.3.2.3 Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity: Officer Suits
Eleventh Amendment: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of anot. . .
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Amdt13.1 Thirteenth Amendment: Historical Background
On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring, based on his war powers, that within named states and parts of states in rebellion against the United States all . . .
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Amdt14.1 Fourteenth Amendment: Overview
Amendment of the Constitution during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period resulted in a fundamental shift in the relationship between the Federal Government and the states. The Civil War had been. . .
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Amdt14.2 State Action Doctrine
The Fourteenth Amendment, by its terms, limits discrimination only by governmental entities, not by private parties. As the Court has noted, the action inhibited by the first section of the Fourteent. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.1 Race-Based Classifications: Overview
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.2 Race-Based Classifications: Historical Background
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.2.2 Segregation in Other Contexts
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.4 Facially Neutral Laws Implicating a Racial Minority
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.1 Political Process Doctrine
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.4.2 Peremptory Challenges
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.1 Non-Race Based Classifications: Overview
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.2.1 Alienage Classification
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.1 Gender Classifications: Doctrine from 1870s to 1960s
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.1.2 Gender Classifications: Doctrine during 1970s
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.1 Gender Classifications: General Approach
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.3.1.2.2 Facially Non-Neutral Laws that Benefit Women
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.1 Economic Regulations: General Approach
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.1.2 Economic Regulations: Taxing Power
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.2 Sexual Orientation
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.2.4.1.3 Wealth
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.1 Equal Protection: Overview
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2 Partisan Gerrymandering
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3 Inequalities Within a State
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United s, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United s and of the wherein they reside. No shall make. . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.4.1.1 Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights: Doctrine and Practice
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.1 Enforcement Clause: Overview
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In the aftermath of the Civil War, Congress, in addition to . . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.1 Who Congress May Regulate
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In enforcing by appropriate legislation the Fourteenth Amend. . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.2.1 What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Pre-Modern Doctrine
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In the Civil Rights Cases, the Court observed that the legis. . .
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Amdt14.S5.1.1.2.2.2 What May Congress Do to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Modern Doctrine
Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. City of Boerne v. Flores, however, illustrates that the Cour. . .
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Amdt15.S2.1.1.1 Enforcement Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Fifteenth Amendment, Section 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. State Action Like section 1 of the Fourteenth, section 1 of the Fifteenth Amendme. . .
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Amdt21.1 Twenty-First Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twenty-First Amendment: The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of . . .
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Amdt24.1 Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Historical Background
Twenty-Fourth Amendment: The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Sena. . .
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Amdt24.2 Twenty-Fourth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twenty-Fourth Amendment: The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Sena. . .
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