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1. Introduction
Intro.4 Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights First Through Tenth Amendments On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason . . .
2. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.1.1 Financial Assistance to Church-Related Institutions

Financial Assistance to Church-Related Institutions First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
3. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.1.2 Tax Exemptions of Religious Property

Tax Exemptions of Religious Property First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
4. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.1 Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Released Time

Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Released Time First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; . . .
5. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.2 Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Prayers and Bible Reading

Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Prayers and Bible Reading First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free . . .
6. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.3 Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Curriculum Restriction

Governmental Encouragement of Religion in Public Schools: Curriculum Restriction First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise . . .
7. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.4 Access of Religious Groups to Public Property

Access of Religious Groups to Public Property First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
8. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.5 Exemption of Religious Organizations from Generally Applicable Laws

Exemption of Religious Organizations from Generally Applicable Laws First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or . . .
9. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.6 Sunday Closing Laws

Sunday Closing Laws First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; . . .
10. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.7 Conscientious Objection

Conscientious Objection First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
11. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.8 Regulation of Religious Solicitation

Regulation of Religious Solicitation First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
12. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.9 Religion in Governmental Observances

Religion in Governmental Observances First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
13. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.10 Religious Displays on Government Property

Religious Displays on Government Property First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
14. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.11 Non-Financial Assistance to Religion: Trump v. Hawaii

Non-Financial Assistance to Religion: Trump v. Hawaii First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
15. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.2.1.1.2.12 Non-Financial Assistance to Religion: Miscellaneous

Non-Financial Assistance to Religion: Miscellaneous First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
16. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.3 Relationship Between Establishment Clause and Free Speech Clause

Relationship Between Establishment Clause and Free Speech Clause First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or . . .
17. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.1 Free Exercise Clause: Overview

Free Exercise Clause: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of . . .
18. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.2.1.1 Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Early Doctrine

Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Early Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise . . .
19. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.2.1.2 Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Doctrine during 1960s through 1980s

Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Doctrine during 1960s through 1980s First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting . . .
20. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.2.1.3 Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Current Doctrine

Facially Neutral Laws that Interfere With Religious Practice: Current Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise . . .
21. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.2.2 Laws That Require Government Involvement in Resolving Religious Disputes

Laws That Require Government Involvement in Resolving Religious Disputes First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; . . .
22. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.4.2.3 Laws that Facially Discriminate Against Religious Practices

Laws that Facially Discriminate Against Religious Practices First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging . . .
23. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical Background

Freedom of Speech: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
24. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.2.1 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Overbreadth

Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Overbreadth First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
25. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.2.2 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Vagueness

Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Vagueness First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
26. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.2.4 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: State Action

Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: State Action First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
27. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.1.1 Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Overview

Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
28. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.1.2.1 Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Early Doctrine

Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Early Doctrine Clear and Present Danger Certain expression, oral or written, may incite, urge, counsel, advocate, or importune the commission of criminal conduct; other . . .
29. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.1.2.2 Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Movement from Clear and Present Danger Test

Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Movement from Clear and Present Danger Test First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; . . .
30. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.1.2.3 Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Current Doctrine

Advocacy of Illegal Conduct: Current Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
31. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.2.1 Fighting Words, Hostile Audiences and True Threats: Overview

Fighting Words, Hostile Audiences and True Threats: Overview Fighting Words and Other Threats to the Peace In Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, the Court unanimously sustained a conviction under a statute . . .
32. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.3.1 Defamation and False Statements: Overview

Defamation and False Statements: Overview Defamation One of the most seminal shifts in constitutional jurisprudence occurred in 1964 with the Courts decision in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. The . . .
33. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.3.2.1 Invasions of Privacy

Invasions of Privacy First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; . . .
34. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.4.1 Obscenity: Overview

Obscenity: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; . . .
35. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.4.2.1 Zoning Decisions

Zoning Decisions First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or . . .
36. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.4.2.2 Child Pornography

Child Pornography First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or . . .
37. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.4.2.3 Public Indecency and Nudity

Public Indecency and Nudity First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
38. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.3.5.1 Commercial Speech: Overview

Commercial Speech: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
39. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.4.1.1 Content Based Regulation

Content Based Regulation First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
40. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.5.1 Viewpoint Based Discrimination: Overview

Viewpoint Based Discrimination: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
41. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.6.1.1 Government-Owned Property: Early Doctrine

Government-Owned Property: Early Doctrine The Public Forum In 1895, while on the highest court of Massachusetts, future Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected a contention that public property was by . . .
42. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.7.1.1 Government Speech Doctrine

Government Speech Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
43. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.8.1 Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Overview

Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging . . .
44. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.8.2.1 Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Employer

Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Employer First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; . . .
45. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.8.2.2 Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Educator

Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Educator Government as Educator Although the Court had previously made clear that students in public schools are entitled to some . . .
46. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.8.2.3 Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Imprisoner

Freedom of Speech and the Role of the Government: Government as Imprisoner First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise . . .
47. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.9.1 Regulation of the Media: Overview

Regulation of the Media: Overview Taxation Disclaiming any intimation that the owners of newspapers are immune from any of the ordinary forms of taxation for support of the government, the Court . . .
48. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.10.1.1 Campaign Finance and Electoral Process

Campaign Finance and Electoral Process First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
49. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.10.1.2 Lobbying

Lobbying First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the . . .
50. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.10.1.3 Legislative Investigations

Legislative Investigations First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
51. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.11.1 Compelled Speech: Overview

Compelled Speech: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
52. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.11.2.1 Compelled Subsidization Doctrine

Compelled Subsidization Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or . . .
53. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.11.2.2 Unconstitutional Conditions

Unconstitutional Conditions First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
54. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.12.1 Symbolic Speech: Overview

Symbolic Speech: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
55. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.12.2.1 Doctrine and Practice of Symbolic Speech: Overview

Doctrine and Practice of Symbolic Speech: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
56. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.12.2.2 Symbolic Speech: Current Doctrine

Symbolic Speech: Current Doctrine First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or . . .
57. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.12.3.1 Solicitation

Solicitation First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the . . .
58. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.12.3.2 Protests and Marches

Protests and Marches First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; . . .
59. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.13.1 Freedom of Association: Overview

Freedom of Association: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or . . .
60. First Amendment
Amdt1.3.1 Freedom of Press: Overview

Freedom of Press: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the . . .
61. First Amendment
Amdt1.3.2.1 Protection of Confidential Sources

Protection of Confidential Sources First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or . . .
62. First Amendment
Amdt1.3.2.2 Right to Access Government Places and Papers

Right to Access Government Places and Papers First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .
63. First Amendment
Amdt1.4.1 Freedom of Assembly and Petition: Overview

Freedom of Assembly and Petition: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of . . .

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