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1. Introduction
Intro.1 Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168

Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America---Analysis and Interpretation, . . .
2. Introduction
Intro.2 Introduction to the 2012 Centennial Edition

Introduction to the 2012 Centennial Edition The need for a comprehensive treatise on the Constitution was apparent to Congress from early in the 20th century. In 1911, the Senate Manual (a compilation . . .
3. Introduction
Intro.4 Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights First Through Tenth Amendments On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason said: . . .
4. Introduction
Intro.5 Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States

Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States During the course of our history, in addition to the twenty-seven amendments which have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the States, six other . . .
5. Article I Section 2 Clause 1
ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives

Organization of the House of Representatives Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and . . .
6. Article I Section 3 Clause 1
ArtI.S3.C1.1 See Article I, Section 3, Clause 2

See Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 Article I, Section 3, Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and . . .
7. Article I Section 3 Clause 2
ArtI.S3.C2.1 The Senate: Overview

The Senate: Overview Article I, Section 3, Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator . . .
8. Article I Section 3 Clause 3
ArtI.S3.C3.1 See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1

See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 Article I, Section 3, Clause 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, . . .
9. Article I Section 3 Clause 4
ArtI.S3.C4.1 See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1

See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 Article I, Section 3, Clause 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. See . . .
10. Article I Section 3 Clause 5
ArtI.S3.C5.1 See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1

See Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall . . .
11. Article I Section 4 Clause 1
ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.1 Role of the States in Regulating Federal Elections

Role of the States in Regulating Federal Elections Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State . . .
12. Article I Section 4 Clause 1
ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.2 Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections

Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by . . .
13. Article I Section 4 Clause 2
ArtI.S4.C2.1 Meetings of Congress

Meetings of Congress Article I, Section 4, Clause 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint . . .
14. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.1 Determinations of Elections, Returns, and Qualifications

Determinations of Elections, Returns, and Qualifications Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of . . .
15. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums

Quorums Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but . . .
16. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings

Rule of Proceedings Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a . . .
17. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions

Punishments and Expulsions Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel . . .
18. Article I Section 5 Clause 3
ArtI.S5.C3.1 Keeping a Journal of Proceedings

Keeping a Journal of Proceedings Article I, Section 5, Clause 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment . . .
19. Article I Section 5 Clause 4
ArtI.S5.C4.1 See Article I, Section 5, Clause 1

See Article I, Section 5, Clause 1 Article I, Section 5, Clause 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other . . .
20. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.1.1 Compensation for Members: Overview

Compensation for Members: Overview Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury . . .
21. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.2 Privilege From Arrest

Privilege From Arrest Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United . . .
22. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.3 Speech and Debate Privilege

Speech and Debate Privilege Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the . . .
23. Article I Section 6 Clause 2
ArtI.S6.C2.1 Ineligibility / Sinecure Clause

Ineligibility / Sinecure Clause Article I, Section 6, Clause 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the . . .
24. Article I Section 7 Clause 1
ArtI.S7.C1.1.1 Origination Clause

Origination Clause Article I, Section 7, Clause 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. . . .
25. Article I Section 7 Clause 2
ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation

Enactment of Legislation Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of . . .
26. Article I Section 7 Clause 3
ArtI.S7.C3.1 Passage of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes

Passage of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes Article I, Section 7, Clause 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on . . .
27. Article I Section 8 Clause 11
ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War

Power to Declare War Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . . .
28. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.1.1 Power over the Seat of Government: Historical Background

Power over the Seat of Government: Historical Background Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District . . .
29. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine

Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of . . .
30. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s

Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during . . .
31. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine

Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term . . .
32. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.2 Presidential Advisors

Presidential Advisors Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the . . .
33. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power

The Treaty Making Power Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and . . .
34. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.1 Appointing Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls

Appointing Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
35. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.2 Establishment of Offices and Officers Not Provided for in Constitution

Establishment of Offices and Officers Not Provided for in Constitution Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided . . .
36. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.1 Legal Requirement When Appointing and Officer

Legal Requirement When Appointing and Officer Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
37. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.2 Distinguishing Between Officers and Non-Officers

Distinguishing Between Officers and Non-Officers Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
38. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.3 Alterations to the Duties of an Officer

Alterations to the Duties of an Officer Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
39. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.4 Appointing Inferior Officers

Appointing Inferior Officers Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; . . .
40. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.1 Removing Officers: Doctrine During 1930s

Removing Officers: Doctrine During 1930s Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
41. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.2 Removing Officers: Current Doctrine

Removing Officers: Current Doctrine Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
42. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.1 Recess Appointments Power: Overview

Recess Appointments Power: Overview Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which . . .
43. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.2.1 Definition of a Vacancy

Definition of a Vacancy Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire . . .
44. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.3.1 Recess Appointments of Article III Judges

Recess Appointments of Article III Judges Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions . . .
45. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases

Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases In Mississippi v. Johnson, in 1867, the Court placed the President beyond the reach of judicial direction, either affirmative or restraining, . . .
46. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine

Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine While the courts may be unable to compel the President to act or to prevent him from acting, his acts, when performed, are in proper cases . . .
47. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.1 Legislative Role of the President

Legislative Role of the President Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he . . .
48. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview

Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction . . .
49. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment

Offices Eligible for Impeachment Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, . . .
50. Article V
ArtV.1 Article V: Historical Background

Article V: Historical Background Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures . . .
51. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background

The Religion Clauses: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
52. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical Background

Freedom of Speech: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
53. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.1 Double Jeopardy Clause: Historical Background

Double Jeopardy Clause: Historical Background Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except . . .
54. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.2.1 Scope of the Double Jeopardy Clause

Scope of the Double Jeopardy Clause Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases . . .
55. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.2.2 Dual Sovereignty Doctrine

Dual Sovereignty Doctrine Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in . . .
56. Sixth Amendment
Amdt6.1 Sixth Amendment: Overview

Sixth Amendment: Overview Sixth Amendment: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime . . .
57. Twelfth Amendment
Amdt12.1 Twelfth Amendment: Overview

Twelfth Amendment: Overview Twelfth Amendment: The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant . . .
58. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine

Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
59. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine

Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
60. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach

Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
61. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2 Partisan Gerrymandering

Partisan Gerrymandering Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
62. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3 Inequalities Within a State

Inequalities Within a State Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the . . .
63. Fourteenth Amendment Section 2
Amdt14.S2.1.1 Apportionment Clause

Apportionment Clause Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, . . .
64. Seventeenth Amendment
Amdt17.1 Seventeenth Amendment: Historical Background

Seventeenth Amendment: Historical Background Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and . . .
65. Seventeenth Amendment
Amdt17.2 Seventeenth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Seventeenth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and . . .
66. Twentieth Amendment Section 6
Amdt20.S6.1 Twentieth Amendment: Historical Background

Twentieth Amendment: Historical Background Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives . . .
67. Twentieth Amendment Section 6
Amdt20.S6.2 Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives . . .
68. Twenty-Fifth Amendment Section 4
Amdt25.S4.1 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Historical Background

Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Historical Background Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever . . .
69. Twenty-Fifth Amendment Section 4
Amdt25.S4.2 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever . . .
70. Twenty-Seventh Amendment
Amdt27.1 Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Historical Background

Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Historical Background Twenty-Seventh Amendment: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of . . .

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