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1. IntroductionIntro.2 AuthorizationAuthorization Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. ยง 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America---Analysis . . .
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2. IntroductionIntro.3 Bill of Rights (First Through Tenth Amendments) AnnotatedBill of Rights (First Through Tenth Amendments) Annotated On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. . . .
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ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives
Organization of the House of Representatives Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and . . .
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ArtI.S3.C1.1 In General
In General Article I, Section 3, Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have . . .
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ArtI.S3.C2.1 The Senate: Overview
The Senate: Overview Article I, Section 3, Clause 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The Seats . . .
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ArtI.S3.C3.1 In General
In General Article I, Section 3, Clause 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when . . .
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ArtI.S3.C4.1 In General
In General Article I, Section 3, Clause 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. See supra Article I, Section . . .
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ArtI.S3.C5.1 In General
In General Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President . . .
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ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.1 Role of the States in Regulating Federal Elections
Role of the States in Regulating Federal Elections Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State . . .
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ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.2 Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections
Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by . . .
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ArtI.S4.C2.1 Meetings of Congress
Meetings of Congress Article I, Section 4, Clause 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint . . .
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ArtI.S5.C1.1 Determinations of Elections, Returns, and Qualifications
Determinations of Elections, Returns, and Qualifications Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of . . .
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ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums
Quorums Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but . . .
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ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings
Rule of Proceedings Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a . . .
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ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions
Punishments and Expulsions Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel . . .
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ArtI.S5.C3.1 Keeping a Journal of Proceedings
Keeping a Journal of Proceedings Article I, Section 5, Clause 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment . . .
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ArtI.S5.C4.1 In General
In General Article I, Section 5, Clause 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in . . .
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ArtI.S6.C1.1.1.1 Compensation for Members: Overview
Compensation for Members: Overview Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury . . .
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ArtI.S6.C1.1.2 Privilege From Arrest
Privilege From Arrest Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United . . .
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ArtI.S6.C1.1.3 Speech and Debate Privilege
Speech and Debate Privilege Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the . . .
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ArtI.S6.C2.1 Ineligibility / Sinecure Clause
Ineligibility / Sinecure Clause Article I, Section 6, Clause 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the . . .
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ArtI.S7.C1.1.1 Origination Clause
Origination Clause Article I, Section 7, Clause 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. . . .
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ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation
Enactment of Legislation Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of . . .
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ArtI.S7.C3.1 Passage of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes
Passage of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes Article I, Section 7, Clause 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on . . .
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ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War
Power to Declare War Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . . .
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ArtI.S8.C17.1.1 Power over the Seat of Government: Historical Background
Power over the Seat of Government: Historical Background Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District . . .
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine
Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1:
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s
Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during . . .
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine
Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term . . .
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ArtII.S2.C1.2 Presidential Advisors
Presidential Advisors Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power
The Treaty Making Power Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.1 Appointing Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls
Appointing Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.2 Establishment of Offices and Officers Not Provided for in Constitution
Establishment of Offices and Officers Not Provided for in Constitution Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.1 Legal Requirement When Appointing and Officer
Legal Requirement When Appointing and Officer Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.2 Distinguishing Between Officers and Non-Officers
Distinguishing Between Officers and Non-Officers Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.3 Alterations to the Duties of an Officer
Alterations to the Duties of an Officer Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.4 Appointing Inferior Officers
Appointing Inferior Officers Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.1 Removing Officers: Doctrine During 1930s
Removing Officers: Doctrine During 1930s Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.2 Removing Officers: Current Doctrine
Removing Officers: Current Doctrine Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.1.1 Recess Appointments Power: Overview
Recess Appointments Power: Overview Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.1.2.1 Definition of a Vacancy
Definition of a Vacancy Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.1.3.1 Recess Appointments of Article III Judges
Recess Appointments of Article III Judges Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases
Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases In Mississippi v. Johnson, in 1867, the Court placed the President beyond the reach of judicial direction, either affirmative or restraining, . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine
Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine While the courts may be unable to compel the President to act or to prevent him from acting, his acts, when performed, are in proper cases . . .
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45. Article II Section 3ArtII.S3.1.1 Legislative Role of the PresidentLegislative Role of the President Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he . . .
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46. Article II Section 4ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: OverviewImpeachment and Removal from Office: Overview Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction . . .
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47. Article II Section 4ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for ImpeachmentOffices Eligible for Impeachment Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, . . .
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48. Article VArtV.1 Article V: Historical BackgroundArticle V: Historical Background Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures . . .
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49. First AmendmentAmdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical BackgroundThe Religion Clauses: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
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50. First AmendmentAmdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical BackgroundFreedom of Speech: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
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51. Fifth AmendmentAmdt5.2.1.1 Double Jeopardy Clause: Historical BackgroundDouble Jeopardy Clause: Historical Background Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except . . .
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52. Fifth AmendmentAmdt5.2.1.2.1 Scope of the Double Jeopardy ClauseScope of the Double Jeopardy Clause Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases . . .
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53. Fifth AmendmentAmdt5.2.1.2.2 Dual Sovereignty DoctrineDual Sovereignty Doctrine Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in . . .
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54. Sixth AmendmentAmdt6.1 Sixth Amendment: OverviewSixth Amendment: Overview Sixth Amendment: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime . . .
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Amdt12.1 Twelfth Amendment: Overview
Twelfth Amendment: Overview Twelfth Amendment: The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine
Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine
Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach
Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2 Partisan Gerrymandering
Partisan Gerrymandering Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State . . .
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Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3 Inequalities Within a State
Inequalities Within a State Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the . . .
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Amdt14.S2.1.1 Apportionment Clause
Apportionment Clause Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, . . .
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Amdt17.1 Seventeenth Amendment: Historical Background
Seventeenth Amendment: Historical Background Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and . . .
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Amdt17.2 Seventeenth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Seventeenth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and . . .
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Amdt20.1 Twentieth Amendment: Historical Background
Twentieth Amendment: Historical Background Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives . . .
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Amdt20.2 Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives . . .
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Amdt25.1 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Historical Background
Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Historical Background Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever . . .
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Amdt25.2 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice
Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever . . .
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Amdt27.1 Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Historical Background
Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Historical Background Twenty-Seventh Amendment: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of . . .
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69.Appx.3 Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the StatesProposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States During the course of our history, in addition to the twenty-seven amendments which have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the States, six other . . .
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