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1. Introduction
Intro.3 Authorization

Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America—Analysis and In. . .
2. Introduction
Intro.4 Bill of Rights (First Through Tenth Amendments) Annotated

On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason said: It would give great quiet to the people; an. . .
3. Article I Section 2 Clause 1
ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives

Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications r. . .
4. Article I Section 3 Clause 1
ArtI.S3.C1.1 In General

Article I, Section 3, Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vo. . .
5. Article I Section 3 Clause 2
ArtI.S3.C2.1 The Senate: Overview

Article I, Section 3, Clause 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The Seats of the Senator. . .
6. Article I Section 3 Clause 3
ArtI.S3.C3.1 In General

Article I, Section 3, Clause 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when electe. . .
7. Article I Section 3 Clause 4
ArtI.S3.C4.1 In General

Article I, Section 3, Clause 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. See supra Article I, Section 3, Claus. . .
8. Article I Section 3 Clause 5
ArtI.S3.C5.1 In General

Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President . . .
9. Article I Section 4 Clause 1
ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.1 Role of the States in Regulating Federal Elections

Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any ti. . .
10. Article I Section 4 Clause 1
ArtI.S4.C1.1.1.1.2 Role of Congress in Regulating Federal Elections

Article I, Section 4, Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any ti. . .
11. Article I Section 4 Clause 2
ArtI.S4.C2.1 Meetings of Congress

Article I, Section 4, Clause 2: The shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. This Clau. . .
12. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.1 Determinations of Elections, Returns, and Qualifications

Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number . . .
13. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums

Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a s. . .
14. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings

Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its , punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. In the exercise of th. . .
15. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions

Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Congress h. . .
16. Article I Section 5 Clause 3
ArtI.S5.C3.1 Keeping a Journal of Proceedings

Article I, Section 5, Clause 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its , and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays o. . .
17. Article I Section 5 Clause 4
ArtI.S5.C4.1 In General

Article I, Section 5, Clause 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the. . .
18. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.1.1 Compensation for Members: Overview

Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They sha. . .
19. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.2 Privilege From Arrest

Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They sha. . .
20. Article I Section 6 Clause 1
ArtI.S6.C1.1.3 Speech and Debate Privilege

Article I, Section 6, Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They sha. . .
21. Article I Section 6 Clause 2
ArtI.S6.C2.1 Ineligibility / Sinecure Clause

Article I, Section 6, 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have bee. . .
22. Article I Section 7 Clause 1
ArtI.S7.C1.1.1 Origination Clause

Article I, Section 7, 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Insertion of this clau. . .
23. Article I Section 7 Clause 2
ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation

Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If h. . .
24. Article I Section 7 Clause 3
ArtI.S7.C3.1 Passage of Orders, Resolutions, or Votes

Article I, Section 7, Clause 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be pr. . .
25. Article I Section 8 Clause 11
ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War

Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . Three different vie. . .
26. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.1.1 Power over the Seat of Government: Historical Background

Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession . . .
27. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: <p class = "const-context">The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,. . .
28. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
29. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
30. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.2 Presidential Advisors

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
31. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by . . .
32. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.1 Appointing Ambassadors, Ministers, and Consuls

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
33. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.2 Establishment of Offices and Officers Not Provided for in Constitution

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
34. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.1 Legal Requirement When Appointing and Officer

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
35. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.2 Distinguishing Between Officers and Non-Officers

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
36. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.3.3 Alterations to the Duties of an Officer

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
37. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.4 Appointing Inferior Officers

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
38. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.1 Removing Officers: Doctrine During 1930s

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
39. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.2.1.5.2 Removing Officers: Current Doctrine

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, an. . .
40. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.1 Recess Appointments Power: Overview

Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
41. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.2.1 Definition of a Vacancy

Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
42. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.1.3.1 Recess Appointments of Article III Judges

Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
43. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases

In Mississippi v. Johnson, in 1867, the Court placed the President beyond the reach of judicial direction, either affirmative or restraining, in the exercise of his powers, whether constitutional or . . .
44. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine

Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine While the courts may be unable to compel the President to act or to prevent him from acting, his acts, when performed, are in proper cases. . .
45. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.1 Legislative Role of the President

Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedi. . .
46. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview

Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high C. . .
47. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment

Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and M. . .
48. Article V
ArtV.1 Article V: Historical Background

Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the sev. . .
49. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background

First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
50. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical Background

First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
51. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.1 Double Jeopardy Clause: Historical Background

Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forc. . .
52. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.2.1 Scope of the Double Jeopardy Clause

Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forc. . .
53. Fifth Amendment
Amdt5.2.1.2.2 Dual Sovereignty Doctrine

Fifth Amendment: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forc. . .
54. Sixth Amendment
Amdt6.1 Sixth Amendment: Overview

Sixth Amendment: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committ. . .
55. Twelfth Amendment
Amdt12.1 Twelfth Amendment: Overview

Twelfth Amendment: The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with the. . .
56. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.1 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Early Doctrine

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
57. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.1.3.1.3.1.2 Appropriate Level of Scrutiny: Current Doctrine

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
58. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.1 Dillution of the Right to Vote: General Approach

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
59. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.2 Partisan Gerrymandering

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. . .
60. Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
Amdt14.S1.4.3.3.3.1.3 Inequalities Within a State

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United s, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United s and of the wherein they reside. No shall make. . .
61. Fourteenth Amendment Section 2
Amdt14.S2.1.1 Apportionment Clause

Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Ind. . .
62. Seventeenth Amendment
Amdt17.1 Seventeenth Amendment: Historical Background

Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The elect. . .
63. Seventeenth Amendment
Amdt17.2 Seventeenth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Seventeenth Amendment: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The elect. . .
64. Twentieth Amendment
Amdt20.1 Twentieth Amendment: Historical Background

Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the. . .
65. Twentieth Amendment
Amdt20.2 Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Twentieth Amendment: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the. . .
66. Twenty-Fifth Amendment
Amdt25.1 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Historical Background

Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the. . .
67. Twenty-Fifth Amendment
Amdt25.2 Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Twenty-Fifth Amendment: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the. . .
68. Twenty-Seventh Amendment
Amdt27.1 Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Historical Background

Twenty-Seventh Amendment: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. Referre. . .
69. Appendix
Appx.3 Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States

During the course of our history, in addition to the twenty-seven amendments which have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the , six other amendments have been submitted to the but have . . .

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