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1. Introduction
Intro.1.1 Methodology for the Constitution Annotated: Overview

This essay explains the methodology for the current edition of the Constitution of the United States: Analysis and Interpretation (commonly known as the Constitution Annotated)—that is, the rules and. . .
2. Introduction
Intro.1.2.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Overview

One key aspect of the methodology for the Constitution Annotated is its criteria for determining what source materials are to be considered in drafting its annotations. Lacking such criteria, the Con. . .
3. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases Overview

Supreme Court decisions addressing questions of constitutional law are primary sources of constitutional law, commonly used in compiling the Constitution Annotated. After all, the Court plays a promi. . .
4. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.2 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Preemption Cases

determining whether federal law displaces state law are, at bottom, constitutional law cases insofar as they at least implicitly involve the Supremacy Clause and its mandate that the laws of the Uni. . .
5. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.3 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases on Qualified Immunity

In cases where plaintiffs seek monetary damages from federal or state government officials, the Supreme Court, in a doctrine commonly referred to as qualified immunity, has held that liability exists. . .
6. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.4 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Federal Habeas Cases Reviewing State Court Convictions

Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the federal habeas statute, a federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus—that is, an order releasing a person from imprisonment or detention—with respe. . .
7. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.5 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases on Statutory Claims

While the Courts decisions opining on how to construe a statute are generally excluded from the Constitution Annotated, certain cases involving statutory interpretation may be included insofar as con. . .
8. Introduction
Intro.1.2.2.6 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court and Common Law Doctrines

In some cases, the Supreme Courts rulings expound upon long-established, judge-made doctrines widely referred to as the common law. Some of these common law doctrines have their origins in constituti. . .
9. Introduction
Intro.1.2.3.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Lower Court Decisions Overview

Because the Supreme Court hears only a small percentage of the cases in which its review is sought (and in many cases, parties do not even seek Court review), most litigation over the meaning of the . . .
10. Introduction
Intro.1.2.3.2 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Influential Lower Court Rulings

From time to time, lower court rulings on constitutional law are widely recognized by constitutional scholars to have had a lasting influence on interpretations of the Constitution, perhaps even comi. . .
11. Introduction
Intro.1.2.3.3 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Lower Court Gap Filling Opinions

In cases where the Supreme Court has not spoken on the precise issue, but a lower court has, relevant lower court decisions may be included in the Constitution Annotated. For example, the Supreme Cou. . .
12. Introduction
Intro.1.2.3.4 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Non-Judicial Sources of Constitutional Meaning

The judiciary is not the only branch of government with a role in interpreting the Constitution. Since the nations founding, the legislative and executive branches, through their respective officers,. . .
13. Introduction
Intro.1.3.1 Organization of the Constitution Annotated: Overview

Constitutional law treatises are organized in various ways. For example, some prominent treatises are organized around a limited number of general concepts, most commonly (1) the relationship between. . .
14. Introduction
Intro.1.3.5 Organization of the Constitution Annotated: Serial Numbers

Each essay on the Constitution Annotated website is associated with a unique serial number based on the essays position in the Constitution Annotated hierarchy. The serial number begins with a prefix. . .
15. Introduction
Intro.3 Authorization

Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America—Analysis and In. . .
16. Introduction
Intro.4 Bill of Rights (First Through Tenth Amendments) Annotated

On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason said: It would give great quiet to the people; an. . .
17. Preamble
Pre.1.1 Preamble: Overview

Preamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
18. Preamble
Pre.1.2 Preamble: Historical Background

Preamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
19. Preamble
Pre.1.3 Preamble: Doctrine and Practice

Preamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
20. Article I Section 1
ArtI.S1.1.1 The History of the Doctrine of Nondelegability

Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Supreme Court has som. . .
21. Article I Section 1
ArtI.S1.1.2 The Nature and Scope of Permissible Delegations

Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Application of two distin. . .
22. Article I Section 2 Clause 1
ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives

Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications r. . .
23. Article I Section 2 Clause 3
ArtI.S2.C3.1 Enumeration Clause

Article I, Section 2, 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be. . .
24. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums

Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a s. . .
25. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings

Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its , punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. In the exercise of th. . .
26. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions

Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Congress h. . .
27. Article I Section 7 Clause 2
ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation

Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If h. . .
28. Article I Section 8 Clause 1
ArtI.S8.C1.1 Taxing Power

Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
29. Article I Section 8 Clause 1
ArtI.S8.C1.2 Spending Power

Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
30. Article I Section 8 Clause 3
ArtI.S8.C3.1.2 Commerce Among the Several States

Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several , and with the Indian Tribes; . . . The Commerce Clause serves a t. . .
31. Article I Section 8 Clause 3
ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview

Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . . The grant of power to Co. . .
32. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.1.1 Naturalization Power: Overview

Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have Power . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . .. . .
33. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.1 Scope of Federal Bankruptcy Power

Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . . In a. . .
34. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.2 Restriction on State Bankruptcy Power

Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . . Prio. . .
35. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.2 Patentable Discoveries

Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
36. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.3 Nature and Scope of the Right Secured for Copyright

Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
37. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.7 Trade-Marks and Advertisements

Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
38. Article I Section 8 Clause 9
ArtI.S8.C9.1 In General

Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Congress shall have Power . . . To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court. See discussion infra The Power of Congress to Control the Federal Courts, un. . .
39. Article I Section 8 Clause 11
ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War

Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . Three different vie. . .
40. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.1.2 Power over the Seat of Government: Doctrine and Practice

Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession . . .
41. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.2 Power Over Places Purchased

Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession . . .
42. Article I Section 8 Clause 18
ArtI.S8.C18.4.2 Implied Power of Congress Over Immigration

Article I, Section 8, Clause 18: The Congress shall have Power . . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested. . .
43. Article I Section 9 Clause 3
ArtI.S9.C3.2 Ex Post Facto Laws

Article I, Section 9, Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Both federal and state governments are prohibited from enacting ex post facto laws, and the Court applies th. . .
44. Article I Section 9 Clause 5
ArtI.S9.C5.1 Prohibition on Taxes on Exports

Article I, Section 9, Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. The prohibition on excise taxes applies only to the imposition of duties on goods by reason of export. . .
45. Article I Section 9 Clause 6
ArtI.S9.C6.1 Prohibition on Port Preferences

Article I, Section 9, Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, . . .
46. Article I Section 10 Clause 1
ArtI.S10.C1.2.2.1 Limits on Issuing Legal Tender

Article I, Section 10, Clause 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and . . .
47. Article I Section 10 Clause 2
ArtI.S10.C2.1 Import-Export Clause

Article I, Section 10, 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection L. . .
48. Article I Section 10 Clause 3
ArtI.S10.C3.3 Compacts Clause

Article I, Section 10, 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another St. . .
49. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,. . .
50. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
51. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine

Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
52. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.2 Commander in Chief Power: Doctrine and Practice

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
53. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.1 Imposing Martial Law

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
54. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.2 Provision for Detention and Trial of Prisoners of War and Enemy Combatants

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
55. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.3.1.1 Scope of the Pardon Power

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
56. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by . . .
57. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases

Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
58. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine

Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
59. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.3.1 Take Care Clause: Overview

Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedi. . .
60. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.3.2.1 Take Care Clause: Impoundment of Funds

Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedi. . .
61. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview

Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high C. . .
62. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment

Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and M. . .
63. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.1 Judicial Vesting Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
64. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.1 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Procedural Rules

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
65. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.2 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Contempt and Sanctions

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
66. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.3 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Issuing Judgments

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
67. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.1 Reopening Final Judicial Decisions

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
68. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.2 Imposing Non-Adjudicatory Function on Courts

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, bo. . .
69. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.1 Federal—State Court Relations: Overview

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
70. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.2 State Court Enforcement of Federal Law

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
71. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.3 State Court Interference With Federal Jurisdiction

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
72. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.1 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Overview

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
73. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.2 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Exhaustion Doctrine

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
74. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.5 Federal—State Court Relations: Habeas Review

Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
75. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.3.3 Cases to Which the United States is a Party

Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be. . .
76. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.3.4 Controversies Between Two or More States

Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United , and Treaties made, or which shall be made,. . .
77. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.3.5.1 Diversity Jurisdiction: Overview

Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be. . .
78. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.1 Original Jurisdiction

Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original . In all the. . .
79. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.2 Appellate Jurisdiction

Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original . In all the. . .
80. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.2 Original Cases Affecting Ambassadors, Public Ministers, & Consuls

Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and , and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In al. . .
81. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.3 Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions

Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. . .
82. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.4.1 Classes of Cases and Controversies at the Supreme Court: Doctrine and Practice

Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. . .
83. Article III Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIII.S3.C1.1.1 Treason Clause: Historical Background

Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be c. . .
84. Article III Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIII.S3.C1.1.2 Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be c. . .
85. Article III Section 3 Clause 2
ArtIII.S3.C2.1 Punishment of Treason Clause

Article III, Section 3, 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the. . .
86. Article IV Section 1
ArtIV.S1.1.1.2.1 Public Acts and Records

Article IV, Section 1: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, , and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manne. . .
87. Article IV Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIV.S2.C1.1.1 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background

Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. The primary purpose of this clause, like the clauses . . .
88. Article IV Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIV.S2.C1.1.2 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. At least four theories have been proffered regarding . . .
89. Article IV Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIV.S2.C2.1.1 Interstate Renditions Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Autho. . .
90. Article IV Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.1 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Historical Background

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be f. . .
91. Article IV Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.2 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Doctrine and Practice

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be f. . .
92. Article IV Section 4
ArtIV.S4.1.1.1 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Historical Background

Article IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legis. . .
93. Article IV Section 4
ArtIV.S4.1.1.2 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Doctrine and Practice

Article IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legis. . .
94. Article V
ArtV.1 Article V: Historical Background

Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the sev. . .
95. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.1 Supremacy Clause: Early Doctrine

Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
96. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.2 Dual Federalism in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
97. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.3 Supremacy Clause: Current Doctrine

Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
98. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background

First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
99. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical Background

First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
100. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.2.3 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Prior Restraints

First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .

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