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1. IntroductionIntro.1.1 Methodology for the Constitution Annotated: OverviewThis essay explains the methodology for the current edition of the Constitution of the United States: Analysis and Interpretation (commonly known as the Constitution Annotated)—that is, the rules and. . .
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2. IntroductionIntro.1.2.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: OverviewOne key aspect of the methodology for the Constitution Annotated is its criteria for determining what source materials are to be considered in drafting its annotations. Lacking such criteria, the Con. . .
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3. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases OverviewSupreme Court decisions addressing questions of constitutional law are primary sources of constitutional law, commonly used in compiling the Constitution Annotated. After all, the Court plays a promi. . .
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4. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.2 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Preemption Casesdetermining whether federal law displaces state law are, at bottom, constitutional law cases insofar as they at least implicitly involve the Supremacy Clause and its mandate that the laws of the Uni. . .
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5. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.3 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases on Qualified ImmunityIn cases where plaintiffs seek monetary damages from federal or state government officials, the Supreme Court, in a doctrine commonly referred to as qualified immunity, has held that liability exists. . .
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6. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.4 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Federal Habeas Cases Reviewing State Court ConvictionsPursuant to the relevant provisions of the federal habeas statute, a federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus—that is, an order releasing a person from imprisonment or detention—with respe. . .
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7. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.5 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court Cases on Statutory ClaimsWhile the Courts decisions opining on how to construe a statute are generally excluded from the Constitution Annotated, certain cases involving statutory interpretation may be included insofar as con. . .
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8. IntroductionIntro.1.2.2.6 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Supreme Court and Common Law DoctrinesIn some cases, the Supreme Courts rulings expound upon long-established, judge-made doctrines widely referred to as the common law. Some of these common law doctrines have their origins in constituti. . .
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9. IntroductionIntro.1.2.3.1 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Lower Court Decisions OverviewBecause the Supreme Court hears only a small percentage of the cases in which its review is sought (and in many cases, parties do not even seek Court review), most litigation over the meaning of the . . .
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10. IntroductionIntro.1.2.3.2 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Influential Lower Court RulingsFrom time to time, lower court rulings on constitutional law are widely recognized by constitutional scholars to have had a lasting influence on interpretations of the Constitution, perhaps even comi. . .
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11. IntroductionIntro.1.2.3.3 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Lower Court Gap Filling OpinionsIn cases where the Supreme Court has not spoken on the precise issue, but a lower court has, relevant lower court decisions may be included in the Constitution Annotated. For example, the Supreme Cou. . .
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12. IntroductionIntro.1.2.3.4 What Is Included and Sourced in the Constitution Annotated: Non-Judicial Sources of Constitutional MeaningThe judiciary is not the only branch of government with a role in interpreting the Constitution. Since the nations founding, the legislative and executive branches, through their respective officers,. . .
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13. IntroductionIntro.1.3.1 Organization of the Constitution Annotated: OverviewConstitutional law treatises are organized in various ways. For example, some prominent treatises are organized around a limited number of general concepts, most commonly (1) the relationship between. . .
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14. IntroductionIntro.1.3.5 Organization of the Constitution Annotated: Serial NumbersEach essay on the Constitution Annotated website is associated with a unique serial number based on the essays position in the Constitution Annotated hierarchy. The serial number begins with a prefix. . .
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15. IntroductionIntro.3 AuthorizationPublic Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America—Analysis and In. . .
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16. IntroductionIntro.4 Bill of Rights (First Through Tenth Amendments) AnnotatedOn September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason said: It would give great quiet to the people; an. . .
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17. PreamblePre.1.1 Preamble: OverviewPreamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
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18. PreamblePre.1.2 Preamble: Historical BackgroundPreamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
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19. PreamblePre.1.3 Preamble: Doctrine and PracticePreamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and s. . .
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ArtI.S1.1.1 The History of the Doctrine of Nondelegability
Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Supreme Court has som. . .
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ArtI.S1.1.2 The Nature and Scope of Permissible Delegations
Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Application of two distin. . .
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ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives
Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications r. . .
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ArtI.S2.C3.1 Enumeration Clause
Article I, Section 2, 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be. . .
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ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums
Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a s. . .
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ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings
Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its , punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. In the exercise of th. . .
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ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions
Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Congress h. . .
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ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation
Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If h. . .
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ArtI.S8.C1.1 Taxing Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
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ArtI.S8.C1.2 Spending Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United S. . .
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ArtI.S8.C3.1.2 Commerce Among the Several States
Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several , and with the Indian Tribes; . . . The Commerce Clause serves a t. . .
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ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview
Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . . The grant of power to Co. . .
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ArtI.S8.C4.1.1 Naturalization Power: Overview
Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have Power . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . .. . .
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ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.1 Scope of Federal Bankruptcy Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . . In a. . .
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ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.2 Restriction on State Bankruptcy Power
Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; . . . Prio. . .
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ArtI.S8.C8.1.2 Patentable Discoveries
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
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ArtI.S8.C8.1.3 Nature and Scope of the Right Secured for Copyright
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
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ArtI.S8.C8.1.7 Trade-Marks and Advertisements
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to t. . .
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ArtI.S8.C9.1 In General
Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Congress shall have Power . . . To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court. See discussion infra The Power of Congress to Control the Federal Courts, un. . .
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ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War
Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . Three different vie. . .
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ArtI.S8.C17.1.2 Power over the Seat of Government: Doctrine and Practice
Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession . . .
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ArtI.S8.C17.2 Power Over Places Purchased
Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession . . .
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ArtI.S8.C18.4.2 Implied Power of Congress Over Immigration
Article I, Section 8, Clause 18: The Congress shall have Power . . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested. . .
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ArtI.S9.C3.2 Ex Post Facto Laws
Article I, Section 9, Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Both federal and state governments are prohibited from enacting ex post facto laws, and the Court applies th. . .
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ArtI.S9.C5.1 Prohibition on Taxes on Exports
Article I, Section 9, Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. The prohibition on excise taxes applies only to the imposition of duties on goods by reason of export. . .
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ArtI.S9.C6.1 Prohibition on Port Preferences
Article I, Section 9, Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, . . .
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ArtI.S10.C1.2.2.1 Limits on Issuing Legal Tender
Article I, Section 10, Clause 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and . . .
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ArtI.S10.C2.1 Import-Export Clause
Article I, Section 10, 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection L. . .
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ArtI.S10.C3.3 Compacts Clause
Article I, Section 10, 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another St. . .
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine
Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,. . .
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s
Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
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ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine
Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vic. . .
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ArtII.S2.C1.1.2 Commander in Chief Power: Doctrine and Practice
Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
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ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.1 Imposing Martial Law
Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
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ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.2 Provision for Detention and Trial of Prisoners of War and Enemy Combatants
Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
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ArtII.S2.C1.3.1.1 Scope of the Pardon Power
Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of . . .
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ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power
Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by . . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases
Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
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ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine
Article II, Section 2, Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of thei. . .
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59. Article II Section 3ArtII.S3.1.3.1 Take Care Clause: OverviewArticle II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedi. . .
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60. Article II Section 3ArtII.S3.1.3.2.1 Take Care Clause: Impoundment of FundsArticle II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedi. . .
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61. Article II Section 4ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: OverviewArticle II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high C. . .
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62. Article II Section 4ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for ImpeachmentArticle II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and M. . .
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63. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.1 Judicial Vesting Clause: Doctrine and PracticeArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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64. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.1 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Procedural RulesArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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65. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.2 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Contempt and SanctionsArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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66. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.3 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Issuing JudgmentsArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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67. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.1 Reopening Final Judicial DecisionsArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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68. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.2 Imposing Non-Adjudicatory Function on CourtsArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, bo. . .
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69. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.1 Federal—State Court Relations: OverviewArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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70. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.2 State Court Enforcement of Federal LawArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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71. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.3 State Court Interference With Federal JurisdictionArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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72. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.1 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: OverviewArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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73. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.2 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Exhaustion DoctrineArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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74. Article III Section 1ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.5 Federal—State Court Relations: Habeas ReviewArticle III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judg. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C1.3.3 Cases to Which the United States is a Party
Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C1.3.4 Controversies Between Two or More States
Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United , and Treaties made, or which shall be made,. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C1.3.5.1 Diversity Jurisdiction: Overview
Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.1 Original Jurisdiction
Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original . In all the. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.2 Appellate Jurisdiction
Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original . In all the. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C2.1.2 Original Cases Affecting Ambassadors, Public Ministers, & Consuls
Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and , and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In al. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C2.1.3 Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions
Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. . .
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ArtIII.S2.C2.1.4.1 Classes of Cases and Controversies at the Supreme Court: Doctrine and Practice
Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. . .
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ArtIII.S3.C1.1.1 Treason Clause: Historical Background
Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be c. . .
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ArtIII.S3.C1.1.2 Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be c. . .
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ArtIII.S3.C2.1 Punishment of Treason Clause
Article III, Section 3, 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the. . .
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86. Article IV Section 1ArtIV.S1.1.1.2.1 Public Acts and RecordsArticle IV, Section 1: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, , and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manne. . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.1 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. The primary purpose of this clause, like the clauses . . .
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ArtIV.S2.C1.1.2 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. At least four theories have been proffered regarding . . .
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ArtIV.S2.C2.1.1 Interstate Renditions Clause: Doctrine and Practice
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Autho. . .
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ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.1 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Historical Background
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be f. . .
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ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.2 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Doctrine and Practice
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be f. . .
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92. Article IV Section 4ArtIV.S4.1.1.1 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Historical BackgroundArticle IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legis. . .
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93. Article IV Section 4ArtIV.S4.1.1.2 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Doctrine and PracticeArticle IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legis. . .
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94. Article VArtV.1 Article V: Historical BackgroundArticle V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the sev. . .
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95. Article VI Clause 2ArtVI.C2.1.1.1 Supremacy Clause: Early DoctrineArticle VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
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96. Article VI Clause 2ArtVI.C2.1.1.2 Dual Federalism in the 19th and Early 20th CenturiesArticle VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
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97. Article VI Clause 2ArtVI.C2.1.1.3 Supremacy Clause: Current DoctrineArticle VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United S. . .
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98. First AmendmentAmdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical BackgroundFirst Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
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99. First AmendmentAmdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical BackgroundFirst Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
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100. First AmendmentAmdt1.2.2.3 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Prior RestraintsFirst Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the. . .
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