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1. Introduction
Intro.1 Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168

Public Law No. 91-589, 84 Stat. 1585, 2 U.S.C. § 168 JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the preparation and printing of a revised edition of the Constitution of the United States of America---Analysis and Interpretation, . . .
2. Introduction
Intro.2 Introduction to the 2012 Centennial Edition

Introduction to the 2012 Centennial Edition The need for a comprehensive treatise on the Constitution was apparent to Congress from early in the 20th century. In 1911, the Senate Manual (a compilation . . .
3. Introduction
Intro.3 Historical Note on Formation of the Constitution

Historical Note on Formation of the Constitution In June 1774, the Virginia and Massachusetts assemblies independently proposed an intercolonial meeting of delegates from the several colonies to restore . . .
4. Introduction
Intro.4 Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights First Through Tenth Amendments On September 12, five days before the Convention adjourned, Mason and Gerry raised the question of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Mason said: . . .
5. Introduction
Intro.6 Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States

Proposed Amendments Not Ratified by the States During the course of our history, in addition to the twenty-seven amendments which have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the States, six other . . .
6. Preamble
Pre.1.1 Preamble: Overview

Preamble: Overview Preamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general . . .
7. Preamble
Pre.1.2 Preamble: Historical Background

Preamble: Historical Background The Preambles origins predate the Constitutional Convention---preambles to legal documents were relatively commonplace at the time of the nations founding. In several English . . .
8. Preamble
Pre.1.3 Preamble: Doctrine and Practice

Preamble: Doctrine and Practice In the years following the Constitutions ratification, the Preamble has had a relatively minor role as a matter of legal doctrine, but an outsized role, particularly outside . . .
9. Article I Section 1
ArtI.S1.1.1 The History of the Doctrine of Nondelegability

The History of the Doctrine of Nondelegability Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House . . .
10. Article I Section 1
ArtI.S1.1.2 The Nature and Scope of Permissible Delegations

The Nature and Scope of Permissible Delegations Article I, Section 1: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House . . .
11. Article I Section 2 Clause 1
ArtI.S2.C1.1 Organization of the House of Representatives

Organization of the House of Representatives Article I, Section 2, Clause 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and . . .
12. Article I Section 2 Clause 3
ArtI.S2.C3.1 Enumeration Clause

Enumeration Clause Article I, Section 2, Clause 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective . . .
13. Article I Section 5 Clause 1
ArtI.S5.C1.2 Quorums

Quorums Article I, Section 5, Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but . . .
14. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.1 Rule of Proceedings

Rule of Proceedings Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a . . .
15. Article I Section 5 Clause 2
ArtI.S5.C2.2 Punishments and Expulsions

Punishments and Expulsions Article I, Section 5, Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel . . .
16. Article I Section 7 Clause 2
ArtI.S7.C2.1 Enactment of Legislation

Enactment of Legislation Article I, Section 7, Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of . . .
17. Article I Section 8 Clause 1
ArtI.S8.C1.1 Taxing Power

Taxing Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare . . .
18. Article I Section 8 Clause 1
ArtI.S8.C1.2 Spending Power

Spending Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare . . .
19. Article I Section 8 Clause 3
ArtI.S8.C3.1.2 Commerce Among the Several States

Commerce Among the Several States Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . .
20. Article I Section 8 Clause 3
ArtI.S8.C3.1.4.1 Dormant Commerce Power: Overview

Dormant Commerce Power: Overview Article I, Section 8, Clause 3: The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; . . .
21. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.1.1 Naturalization Power: Overview

Naturalization Power: Overview Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have Power . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout . . .
22. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.1 Scope of Federal Bankruptcy Power

Scope of Federal Bankruptcy Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have Power . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout . . .
23. Article I Section 8 Clause 4
ArtI.S8.C4.2.1.2 Restriction on State Bankruptcy Power

Restriction on State Bankruptcy Power Article I, Section 8, Clause 4: The Congress shall have Power . . . To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies . . .
24. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.2 Patentable Discoveries

Patentable Discoveries Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the . . .
25. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.3 Nature and Scope of the Right Secured for Copyright

Nature and Scope of the Right Secured for Copyright Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times . . .
26. Article I Section 8 Clause 8
ArtI.S8.C8.1.7 Trade-Marks and Advertisements

Trade-Marks and Advertisements Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: The Congress shall have Power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors . . .
27. Article I Section 8 Clause 9
ArtI.S8.C9.1 See Article III, Section 2, Clause 2

See Article III, Section 2, Clause 2 Article I, Section 3, Clause 5: The Congress shall have Power . . . To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; See discussion infra The Power of Congress . . .
28. Article I Section 8 Clause 11
ArtI.S8.C11.1 Power to Declare War

Power to Declare War Article I, Section 8, Clause 11: The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; . . . . .
29. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.1.2 Power over the Seat of Government: Doctrine and Practice

Power over the Seat of Government: Doctrine and Practice Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District . . .
30. Article I Section 8 Clause 17
ArtI.S8.C17.2 Power Over Places Purchased

Power Over Places Purchased Article I, Section 8, Clause 17: The Congress shall have Power . . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) . . .
31. Article I Section 8 Clause 18
ArtI.S8.C18.1 Necessary and Proper Clause

Necessary and Proper Clause Article I, Section 8, Clause 18: The Congress shall have Power . . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and . . .
32. Article I Section 8 Clause 18
ArtI.S8.C18.2.2 Implied Power of Congress Over Immigration

Implied Power of Congress Over Immigration Article I, Section 8, Clause 18: The Congress shall have Power . . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing . . .
33. Article I Section 9 Clause 3
ArtI.S9.C3.2 Ex Post Facto Laws

Ex Post Facto Laws Article I, Section 9, Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Both federal and state governments are prohibited from enacting ex post facto laws, and the . . .
34. Article I Section 9 Clause 5
ArtI.S9.C5.1 Prohibition on Taxes on Exports

Prohibition on Taxes on Exports Article I, Section 9, Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. The prohibition on excise taxes applies only to the imposition of duties . . .
35. Article I Section 9 Clause 6
ArtI.S9.C6.1 Prohibition on Port Preferences

Prohibition on Port Preferences Article I, Section 9, Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels . . .
36. Article I Section 10 Clause 1
ArtI.S10.C1.2.2.1 Limits on Issuing Legal Tender

Limits on Issuing Legal Tender Article I, Section 10, Clause 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; . . .
37. Article I Section 10 Clause 2
ArtI.S10.C2.1 Import-Export Clause

Import-Export Clause Article I, Section 10, Clause 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing . . .
38. Article I Section 10 Clause 3
ArtI.S10.C3.3 Compacts Clause

Compacts Clause Article I, Section 10, Clause 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact . . .
39. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.1 Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine

Executive Vesting Clause: Early Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of . . .
40. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.2 Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s

Executive Vesting Clause: Doctrine from 1920s to 1950s Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during . . .
41. Article II Section 1 Clause 1
ArtII.S1.C1.1.1.2.1.3 Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine

Executive Vesting Clause: Current Doctrine Article II, Section 1, Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term . . .
42. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.2 Commander in Chief Power: Doctrine and Practice

Commander in Chief Power: Doctrine and Practice Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, . . .
43. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.1 Imposing Martial Law

Imposing Martial Law Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the . . .
44. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.1.3.2 Provision for Detention and Trial of Prisoners of War and Enemy Combatants

Provision for Detention and Trial of Prisoners of War and Enemy Combatants Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the . . .
45. Article II Section 2 Clause 1
ArtII.S2.C1.3.1.1 Scope of the Pardon Power

Scope of the Pardon Power Article II, Section 2, Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into . . .
46. Article II Section 2 Clause 2
ArtII.S2.C2.1 The Treaty Making Power

The Treaty Making Power Article II, Section 2, Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and . . .
47. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.1.1 Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases

Presidential Immunity to Criminal and Civil Suits: Civil Cases In Mississippi v. Johnson, in 1867, the Court placed the President beyond the reach of judicial direction, either affirmative or restraining, . . .
48. Article II Section 2 Clause 3
ArtII.S2.C3.2.4.2.1 Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine

Other Executive Officials and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine While the courts may be unable to compel the President to act or to prevent him from acting, his acts, when performed, are in proper cases . . .
49. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.3.1 Take Care Clause: Overview

Take Care Clause: Overview Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge . . .
50. Article II Section 3
ArtII.S3.1.3.2.1 Take Care Clause: Impoundment of Funds

Take Care Clause: Impoundment of Funds Article II, Section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as . . .
51. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.1 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview

Impeachment and Removal from Office: Overview Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction . . .
52. Article II Section 4
ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment

Offices Eligible for Impeachment Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, . . .
53. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.1 Judicial Vesting Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Judicial Vesting Clause: Doctrine and Practice Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from . . .
54. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.1 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Procedural Rules

Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Procedural Rules Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may . . .
55. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.2 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Contempt and Sanctions

Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Contempt and Sanctions Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress . . .
56. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.1.3 Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Issuing Judgments

Inherent Powers of Federal Courts: Issuing Judgments Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may . . .
57. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.1 Reopening Final Judicial Decisions

Reopening Final Judicial Decisions Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time . . .
58. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.2.2 Imposing Non-Adjudicatory Function on Courts

Imposing Non-Adjudicatory Function on Courts Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from . . .
59. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.1 Federal—State Court Relations: Overview

Federal—State Court Relations: Overview Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time . . .
60. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.2 State Court Enforcement of Federal Law

State Court Enforcement of Federal Law Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to . . .
61. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.3 State Court Interference With Federal Jurisdiction

State Court Interference With Federal Jurisdiction Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may . . .
62. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.1 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Overview

Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Overview Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the . . .
63. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.4.2 Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Exhaustion Doctrine

Federal Court Non-Interference With State Jurisdiction: Exhaustion Doctrine Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts . . .
64. Article III Section 1
ArtIII.S1.1.1.2.3.5 Federal—State Court Relations: Habeas Review

Federal—State Court Relations: Habeas Review Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from . . .
65. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.2.3 Cases to Which the United States is a Party

Cases to Which the United States is a Party Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, . . .
66. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.2.4 Controversies Between Two or More States

Controversies Between Two or More States Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, . . .
67. Article III Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIII.S2.C1.2.5.1 Diversity Jurisdiction: Overview

Diversity Jurisdiction: Overview Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties . . .
68. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.1 Original Jurisdiction

Original Jurisdiction Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme Court shall have . . .
69. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.1.1.2 Appellate Jurisdiction

Appellate Jurisdiction Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme Court shall have . . .
70. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.2 Original Cases Affecting Ambassadors, Public Ministers, & Consuls

Original Cases Affecting Ambassadors, Public Ministers, & Consuls Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall . . .
71. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.3 Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions

Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the . . .
72. Article III Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIII.S2.C2.1.4.1 Classes of Cases and Controversies at the Supreme Court: Doctrine and Practice

Classes of Cases and Controversies at the Supreme Court: Doctrine and Practice Article III, Section 2, Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which . . .
73. Article III Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIII.S3.C1.1.1 Treason Clause: Historical Background

Treason Clause: Historical Background Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid . . .
74. Article III Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIII.S3.C1.1.2 Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice Article III, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid . . .
75. Article III Section 3 Clause 2
ArtIII.S3.C2.1 Punishment of Treason Clause

Punishment of Treason Clause Article III, Section 3, Clause 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture . . .
76. Article IV Section 1
ArtIV.S1.1.1.2.1 Public Acts and Records

Public Acts and Records Article IV, Section 1: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general . . .
77. Article IV Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIV.S2.C1.1.1 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background

Privileges and Immunity Clause: Historical Background Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. The . . .
78. Article IV Section 2 Clause 1
ArtIV.S2.C1.1.2 Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Privileges and Immunity Clause: Doctrine and Practice Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. At . . .
79. Article IV Section 2 Clause 2
ArtIV.S2.C2.1.1 Interstate Renditions Clause: Doctrine and Practice

Interstate Renditions Clause: Doctrine and Practice Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another . . .
80. Article IV Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.1 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Historical Background

Admission of and the Rights of New States: Historical Background Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected . . .
81. Article IV Section 3 Clause 1
ArtIV.S3.C1.1.1.2 Admission of and the Rights of New States: Doctrine and Practice

Admission of and the Rights of New States: Doctrine and Practice Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected . . .
82. Article IV Section 4
ArtIV.S4.1.1.1 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Historical Background

Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Historical Background Article IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect . . .
83. Article IV Section 4
ArtIV.S4.1.1.2 Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Doctrine and Practice

Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government: Doctrine and Practice Article IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect . . .
84. Article V
ArtV.1 Article V: Historical Background

Article V: Historical Background Article V: The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures . . .
85. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.1 Supremacy Clause: Early Doctrine

Supremacy Clause: Early Doctrine Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under . . .
86. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.2 Dual Federalism in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Dual Federalism in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which . . .
87. Article VI Clause 2
ArtVI.C2.1.1.3 Supremacy Clause: Current Doctrine

Supremacy Clause: Current Doctrine Article VI, Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under . . .
88. First Amendment
Amdt1.1.1 The Religion Clauses: Historical Background

The Religion Clauses: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
89. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.1 Freedom of Speech: Historical Background

Freedom of Speech: Historical Background First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
90. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.2.3 Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Prior Restraints

Procedural Matters and Freedom of Speech: Prior Restraints First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the . . .
91. First Amendment
Amdt1.2.13.1 Freedom of Association: Overview

Freedom of Association: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of . . .
92. First Amendment
Amdt1.4.1 Freedom of Assembly and Petition: Overview

Freedom of Assembly and Petition: Overview First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, . . .
93. Second Amendment
Amdt2.1 Second Amendment: Doctrine and Practice

Second Amendment: Doctrine and Practice Second Amendment: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. . . .
94. Third Amendment
Amdt3.1 Third Amendment: In General

Third Amendment: In General Third Amendment: No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. . . .
95. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.1 Fourth Amendment: Historical Background

Fourth Amendment: Historical Background Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, . . .
96. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.2.1 Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Overview

Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Overview Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, . . .
97. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.2.2.1 Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Early Doctrine

Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Early Doctrine Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches . . .
98. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.2.2.2 Katz and the Adoption of the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test

Katz and the Adoption of the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and . . .
99. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.2.2.3 Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Current Doctrine

Scope of the Rights Protected by the Fourth Amendment: Current Doctrine Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches . . .
100. Fourth Amendment
Amdt4.2.3.1 Open Fields Doctrine

Open Fields Doctrine Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants . . .

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